The article tries to narrow the gap between Social Movement Theories (SMT) and the actual events during the 2011 uprisings in the Middle East. The 2011 uprisings did not only open the Pandora’s box of Political Islam in the Middle East, but also facilitated many other oppositional movements, from the Tunisian General Labour Union (UGTT) to the Egyptian workers’ movements, from the People’s Democratic Party (HDP) in Turkey to the democratic autonomy, theorised by Abdullah Öcalan and put in practice in Syrian Kurdistan.
